Andrographis Paniculata Extract Research Articles

Enhancement of Antibacterial Silk Face Covering with the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Garcinia mangostana Linn. Peel and Andrographis paniculata Extract and a Bacterial Cellulose Filter

Since the late 2010-s and early 2020s, people around the world have not only encountered the pandemic crisis, but also in some places, they have had to deal with serious levels of air pollution. Personal protective equipment is essential to protect from microorganisms or fine particulate matter. Consequently, this study aimed to develop a silk face covering that could meet the international requirements with the addition of having an antibacterial property. The developed silk face covering consisted of three layers; the outer layer was water-repellent mulberry silk, the inner layer was oil-repellent eri silk, while the middle layer was cotton fabric coated with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from mangosteen peels mixed with Andrographis paniculata extract. A biodegradable bacterial cellulose filter made of nata de coco waste was also prepared to improve filtration efficiency. It was found that the silver nanoparticles extracted from mangosteen peel and Andrographis paniculata inhibited S. aureus and E. coli by more than 99.9%, even after 20 washing cycles. The performance properties of the silk barrier face covering met Level I of the ASTM F3502-2021 standard, as well as being comfortable for public use.

Development and Optimization of Andrographis paniculata Extract-Loaded Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Using Experimental Design Model.

The objectives of this study were to develop an optimized formulation for an Andrographis paniculata extract (AGPE)-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) using an experimental design and evaluate the characteristics of the developed SMEDDS. The solubility of andrographolide (AGP) in various solvents was investigated. The pseudo-ternary phase was constructed to provide an optimal range for each component to form microemulsions (MEs). The formulation was optimized using an I-optimal design mixture type, where the physical stability, droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were examined. Soft capsules of the optimized AGPE-loaded SMEDDS were manufactured. The dissolution and ex vivo membrane permeation were studied. Oleic acid, Tween® 80, and PEG 400 were the best solubilizers for AGP. The promising surfactant to co-surfactant ratio to generate ME was 3:1. The optimized SMEDDS contained 68.998% Tween® 80, with 13.257% oleic acid and 17.745% PEG 400. The assayed content of AGP, uniformity of dosage unit, and stability complied with the expected specifications. The dissolution and membrane permeability of AGPE-loaded SMEDDS was significantly improved from the A. paniculata extract (p < 0.05). All in all, the developed optimized AGPE-loaded SMEDDS was proven to contain optimal composition and AGP content where a stable ME could spontaneously be formed with enhanced delivery efficacy.

Effectiveness of Phyllanthus niruri and Andrographis paniculata Extracts on Egg Quality in Laying Hens with Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

Providing sufficient and high-quality eggs plays an essential role in accommodating food safety and food security for consumers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Phyllanthus niruri and Andrographis paniculata extracts on egg yolk index and haugh units (HU) value in laying hens with Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli. This type of study was experimental using a complete randomized design with 100 experimental units of five treatments (P-) placebo, (P+) infected with Avian Pathogenic E. coli without P. niruri and A. paniculata extract, then groups of chickens infected with Avian Pathogenic E. coli and administration of (P1) 10% of P. niruri and 30% of A. paniculata, (P2) 20% of P. niruri and 20% of A. paniculata, (P3) 30% of P. niruri and 10% of A. paniculata then egg yolk index and HU value were evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. The results showed a significant difference between the treatment groups based on the egg yolk index and the HU value. It can be concluded that P2 can be recommended for laying hens with avian pathogenic E. coli.

Characterization of Andrographis Paniculata Extract Obtained by Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) Method with Radiation Time

The purpose of this research was to extract Andrographis paniculata using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method at 4 radiation (4 minutes, 6 minutes, 8 minutes, and 10 minutes) and characterize the extract on phenolic content, flavonoid content, andrographolide content, antioxidant activity, and functional group using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Radiation times of the MAE method had a significant effect on phenolic content, flavonoid content, andrographolide content, and antioxidant activity of Andrographis paniculata. Radiation time for 10 minutes of MAE gave higher phenolic, flavonoid, andrographolide, and antioxidant activity of Andrographis paniculata. The IR spectra of the Andrographis paniculate extract increased as the radiation time increased. The optimum radiation time was at 8 minutes with the result of phenolic content at 57.2 mg GAE /g, flavonoid content at 113.07 ppm, andrographolide at 763.47 µg/ml, antioxidant activity at 71.66% and the IR spectra at 1031.92 cm-1, 2945.3 cm-1, 3346.5 cm-1.

Ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata alleviates aluminum-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment through regulating the p62-keap1-Nrf2 pathway

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative and remains incurable. Aluminum is a potent neurotoxin associated with AD. The main pathological features of AD are extracellular amyloid-β protein deposition and intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. A body of evidence suggest that oxidative stress and autophagy are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a native plant with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and regulation of autophagy properties. AP significantly alleviated cognitive impairments, reduced Aβ deposition and has neuroprotective effect. However, its effects on aluminum-induced AD model have not been studied much. In this study, we investigated whether AP protect against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity through regulation of p62-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)-Nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and activation autophagy in vivo and in vitro.MethodsUPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS was used to identify the chemical constituents of AP ethanol extract. The mice with cognitive deficit were established by injecting aluminum chloride and D-galactose, and treated with either AP extract (200, 400, or 600 mg/kg/d) or andrographolide (2 mg/kg/2d).The spatial memory ability was detected by Morris water maze, HE staining were used to detect in brain tissue,Oxidative stress indexs and SOD activity in both serum and brain tissue were detected by kit.The expression of p62-Nrf2 pathway proteins were measured via western blotting. Furthermore, the neurotoxicity model was induced by aluminum maltolate (700 µM) in PC12 cells. Following AP and andrographolide treatment, the cell viability was detected. The relevant mRNA and protein expressions were detected in cells transfected with the p62 siRNA.ResultsThe main active components of AP included andrographolide, neoandrographolide and deoxyandrographolide as identified. AP and andrographolide significantly improved the spatial memory ability of mice, attenuated pathological changes of hippocampal cells, reduced the level of malondialdehyde, and increased superoxide dismutase activity in serum or brain tissue as compared to model control. In addition, the Nrf2, p62 and LC3B-II proteins expression were increased, and p-Tau and Keap1 proteins were decreased in the hippocampus after AP and andrographolide treatment.Furthermore, AP increased aluminum maltolate-induced cell viability in PC12 cells. Silencing p62 could reverse the upregulation expression of Nrf2 and downregulation of Keap1 and Tau proteins induced by AP in aluminum maltolate-treated cells.ConclusionsAP had neuroprotective effects against aluminum -induced cognitive dysfunction or cytotoxicity, which was involved in the activation of the p62-keap1-Nrf2 pathway and may develop as therapeutic drugs for the treatment of AD. However, this study has certain limitations, further optimize the protocol or model and study the molecular mechanism of AP improving AD.

Molecular Identification of Leptospira interrogans and Its Treatment with Andrographis paniculata Extract

Molecular Identification of Leptospira interrogans and Its Treatment with Andrographis paniculata Extract

Hepatoprotective potential of Phyllanthus niruri and Andrographis paniculata in isoniazid-rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats

BackgroundIsoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RIF) are the common drugs causing hepatitis in patients undergoing Antitubercular therapy (ATT). This often results in discontinuation of the therapy or change in the treatment regimen. Free radical injury by drug metabolites has been postulated as cause of liver damage. The herbal extracts of Phyllanthus niruri and Andrographis paniculata possess antioxidant activity. MethodsHepatotoxicity was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by administering Isoniazid (100 mg/kg, po) and Rifampicin (100 mg/kg, po) combination for 14 days. Each group of rats were simultaneously treated with P. niruri (125 mg/kg, po), A. paniculata (125 mg/kg, po) and in combination of both for 14 days. Assessment of hepatotoxicity was done by evaluating serum total bilirubin, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), liver catalase levels, and histopathological examination of liver. ResultsThere was a significant reduction in the total bilirubin and SGOT levels in the groups treated with P.niruri, A.paniculata and combination of P.niruri and A.paniculata when compared with the INH and RMP treated groups (P<; 0.0001, P = 0.03, P < 0.0001) respectively. The liver SOD and Catalase enzymes were significantly deranged in the group treated with INH and RMP compared to the control animals (P < 0.0001). However, the SOD and Catalase levels were significantly elevated in the groups treated with these protective agents (P < 0.0001) when compared with INH and RMP group. Histopathological examination revealed that in the groups treated with INH and RMP, grades 1 & 2 necrosis was observed than those animals of the normal control group (p = 0.002). However, treatment with P.niruri and A.paniculata extracts showed no signs of necrosis on comparing with the INH and RMP group (p = 0.002). ConclusionExtracts of P. niruri and A. paniculata both in monotherapy and combination has hepatoprotective action against the hepatotoxicity induced by Isoniazid and Rifampicin.

Effects of dietary Andrographis paniculata extract on growth, haematological, immune responses, immune-related genes expression of ornamental goldfish (Carassius auratus) and its susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection

In the present study, goldfish (Carassius auratus) were fed diets supplemented with different levels of methanolic crude extracts of Andrographis paniculata to assess their efficacy against Aeromonas hydrophila. The A. paniculata extract showed antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila at different concentrations and was characterised by FTIR and GC-MS analysis. The fishes (C. auratus) were divided into three groups, the control fishes were fed with a basel diet, the DI and DII group fishes were fed with a basel diet mixed with 0.1% and 1% of methanolic crude extracts of A. paniculata, respectively for 4 weeks. Then, haematological and immunological parameters were examined in each experimental and control group after the 2nd and 4th week. Finally, all group fish were challenged with A. hydrophila at the end of the 4th week, and their cytokine genes expression were investigated. The results showed that even at low concentrations (50 μg) of A. paniculata leaf extracts showed a potent antibacterial effect against A. hydrophila. GC-MS analysis revealed that the methanol precipitation contains Benzylamine, 2-hydroxy-N,N-DI-[2-aminoethyl]-, 18-Nonadecen-1-OL, and andrographolide. Similarly, FTIR analysis revealed aliphatic primary amine, conjugated ketone and alcohols, which are known antimicrobials. The extracts also changed the growth, haematological and immunological parameters of treated fishes by significantly increased the total RBC counts and haemoglobin level, along with the phagocytic, total immunoglobulin and myeloperoxidase activities when compared to the BD group. Moreover, fish fed with 1% of A. paniculata extract showed a higher survival rate (80%) against A. hydrophila. Furthermore, 1% of A. paniculata extract dietary was significantly up-regulated pro-anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, compared with the BD group. In conclusion, dietary A. paniculata extract supplementation beneficial for C. auratus, as it assesses their efficacy against A. hydrophila.

Comparative Study of Optical and Chemical Properties of ZnO-Ag Composites Synthesized from Mimosa Pudica and Andrographis Paniculata Extracts

In this research, a comparison was made between the optical and chemical properties of ZnO-Ag composites with different ZnO and Ag ratios synthesized using extracts obtained from mimosa and Andrographis paniculata plants. The optical properties of the synthesized ZnO-Ag composites were analyzed, focusing on parameters such as absorption and bandgap energy. Moreover, the bandgap, which indicates the energy difference between the valence and conduction bands, was calculated to assess the compounds' electronic behavior. Furthermore, the chemical properties of the ZnO-Ag composites were investigated. This involved analyzing the chemical bond, crystal structure, and crystalline size using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR). The experimental findings demonstrated that the crystal sizes of ZnO and Ag in ZnO-Ag composites synthesized using Mimosa pudica extract were considerably smaller compared to those synthesized using Andrographis paniculata extract. Consequently, the energy gap of the ZnO-Ag compounds synthesized with mimosa extract was higher in comparison to those synthesized with Andrographis paniculata extract. By comparing the optical and chemical properties of the ZnO-Ag composites synthesized from mimosa and Andrographis paniculata extracts, valuable insights can be gained regarding the influence of these plant extracts on the resulting composites.

Botanicals as Quorum Quenching Molecules and Their Effect in Plant Growth Promoting Traits in Pantoea, Paenibacillus, and Rhizobium

Quorum sensing is a cell-to-cell communication mechanism that was reported in Rhizobium mayense S11R1, Pantoea dispersa YBB19B, and Paenibacillus illionoisensis YBB20 by the presence of N-acyl homoserine lactones. This study explored possible mechanisms for expressing plant growth-promoting traits meditated through the quorum-sensing molecules. To prove the above hypothesis, a quorum quenching approach was carried out to study the regulation of plant growth-promoting traits of three isolates using botanicals like Curcuma longa (Turmeric) and Andrographis paniculata (Nilavembu) extracts (500, 1000, and 1500 ppm). At 1500 ppm, indole acetic acid production was completely inhibited in all three isolates. Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) production was significantly reduced in Pantoea dispersa YBB19B (24 µg/mL) when treated with nilavembu extract. Biofilm-forming ability was weakened to a greater extent in Pantoea dispersa YBB19B and Paenibacillus illionoisensis YBB20 when treated with nilavembu extract. Hence, it is concluded that plant growth promotion traits in the selected bacteria are mediated through quorum sensing.

Protective Effect of Andropraphis Paniculata Aqueous Extract (EAAp) Against Isoniazid and Rifampicin-Induced Rat Liver Damage

Isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) are first-line antituberculosis drugs (OAT) in tuberculosis treatment that are used for at least 6 months. The use of OAT has been associated with toxic reactions in the liver and causes hepatitis. This study aimed to determine the effect of an aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata (EAAp) on liver damage induced by INH and RIF. Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250–300g were divided into 5 groups, each consisting of 6 mice. Animals were given isoniazid and rifampicin at 100 mg/kg, respectively, to induce liver damage, silymarin (25 mg/kg) for the positive control group, and Ap extract at doses of 200mg and 300 mg/kg for the test group. All treatments were given orally once daily for 28 days. Measurement of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and liver histopathology levels was carried out to determine the effect of EAAp on liver damage by INH and RIF. Results: Rats treated with INH+RIF were hepatotoxic, as evidenced by increased serum ALT, AST, and ALP activity, total bilirubin levels, and histopathological changes in the liver. Administration of Ap extract doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg significantly decreased liver biochemical and histological changes caused by OAT. Conclusions: EAAp has a protective effect against hepatotoxic-induced INH and RIF in animal models.

Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata extract treatment in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients being treated with favipiravir: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (APFaVi trial)

BackgroundWhile favipiravir had been the standard anti-SARS-CoV-3 drug for COVID-19 treatment in Thailand, the efficacy of favipiravir treatment is controversial. Andrographis paniculata extract (APE) inhibits viral entry, exhibits immunomodulatory effects, and proposes to have the potential for early-stage COVID-19 treatment. MethodsA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in Thailand during June - September 2021. Non-severe COVID-19 patients were randomized 1:1 to groups receiving 180 mg/day of APE plus favipiravir (APE-FPV group) or placebo plus favipiravir (placebo-FPV group). Efficacy in preventing disease progression to severe COVID-19 was assessed on day 4, using World Health Organization Clinical Progression Scale (WHOCPS) score and visual analog scale (VAS) for acute respiratory tract infection symptoms. ResultsOf 146 patients, there were 73 patients in each group. Non-deterioration of WHOCPS scores on day 4 was 98.63% versus 97.26% of patients in the APE-FPV and placebo-FPV groups (p = 1.000). No difference in supplemental oxygen, hospitalization, and death was shown in both groups. The oxygen supplemental was 4.11% in the placebo-FPV group. The interleukin (IL)-1β was significantly lower in the APE than in the placebo-FPV group throughout the study. We found no difference in virologic outcomes between groups and no substantial adverse events. ConclusionsAPE treatment did not demonstrate additional clinical and virological benefits in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 being treated with favipiravir. Early reduction of IL-1β with APE may be advantageous in preventing cytokine storms in severe COVID-19 and requires further study.

ANTI-SCHISTOSOMA EFFICACY OF Occimum gratissimum (SCENT LEAF) AND Andrographis paniculata (KING OF BITTERS) AGAINST Schistosoma haematobium CERCARIA

Anti-schistosomal effect of crude aqueous extract of Occimum gratissimum (scent leaf) and Andrographis paniculata (king of bitters) on Schistosoma haematobium were cercaricidally evaluated over a period of 2 hours (h). The mortality of the cercaria was dose and time dependent. At 100 milligram per milliliter (mg−mL), O. gratissimum and A paniculata exhibited 100% mortality. Statistically, extract concentrations (F = 53.55; P= 0.004) and plant species (F = 10.13; P = 0.049) had significant (p < 0.05) effect on cercaria mortality. Pearson correlation coefficient (R) analysis showed that the results of cumulative mean cercariae mortalities and exposure time were strongly correlated for both plants. Probit analysis, lethal concentration (LC50) of O. gratissimum and A. paniculata against S. haematobium cercaria was 41.50 and 44.10 mg−mL respectively. The median lethal time (LT50) values for O. gratissimum and A. paniculata extract concentrations at 120 minutes treatment implicated 100.0 mg−mL to be the most toxic concentration which generated an LT50 value of 50.47 and 55.0 minutes respectively. While the least effective concentration of A. paniculata was 25.0 mg−mL requiring 115.03 minutes to cause 50% mortality of cercariae. From the study, it can be deduced that O. gratissimum and A. paniculata elicited varying degree of anti-schistosomal properties at all concentrations against S. haematobium. S. haematobium cercariae were more susceptible to toxic effects of O. gratissimum leaf extracts than A. paniculata. Cultivation of these plants along river banks will help in controlling cercariae and possibly miracidia in endemic areas by way of leave shedding since these plants are hydrophilic, biodegradable, readily available and less laborious to cultivate.

Andrographis paniculata as Promising Novel Protective Therapy of Oxidative Stress in Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats

This research investigated the effect of Andrographis paniculata (AP) on oxidative stress following indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. A total of 20 male albino Wistar rats (150-180g) used for this study were grouped into four (n=5): 1, Negative Control; 2, Positive Control and 3, test group treated with normal chow, 20mg/kg indomethacin, 20 mg/kg indomethacin plus omeprazole at 20mg/kg and 20mg/kg indomethacin plus AP at 16.7 mg/kg respectively. After treatment period, estimation of oxidative stress parameters was carried out on the animals. The LD50 of aqueous extract of AP was 50mg/kg bw. Body weight change was significantly reduced in omeprazole treated group compared to all other groups while extract treated group had significantly increased body weight change. There was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level of ulcer untreated group compared to other groups. The two treated groups had significantly reduced MDA compared to ulcer untreated group. There was a significant decrease in the levels of GPx and SOD of ulcer untreated group compared to control. Meanwhile, these were significantly increased in extract and omeprazole treated groups compared to ulcer untreated group. Catalase was significantly increased in all three groups when compared to control but its level was significantly increased in extract treated group compared to ulcer untreated and omeprazole treated groups. From this study, AP has proved to protect against oxidative stress implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcer. If this result is applicable to humans, further research and use of AP in ameliorating debilitating consequences of peptic ulcer should be encouraged.

Screening of Critical Variables of Andrographis paniculata Extract Loaded onto Chitosan Microparticles

Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a medicinal plant commonly found in Malaysia. However, the main challenges hindering its clinical values is its low bioavailability and solubility in aqueous environment which can be improved by incorporating it into a nanocarrier system. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen the critical variables involved in the development of AP extract-loaded chitosan microparticles. Nine formulations (coded as F1 to F9) at varying chitosan-to-tripolyphosphate (TPP) mass ratio (2:1, 4:1, and 6:1) and reaction time (30, 60, and 90 minutes) were tested utilizing the onefactor-at-a-time (OFAT) technique and characterized by means of their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The best formulation was further characterized for its zeta potential (ζ-potential), morphology, and stability. F2 was discovered as the best formulation in the first screening with a particle size of 0.595 ± 0.014 μm, PDI of 0.284 ± 0.011, and EE of 81.18 ± 5.53%. Further testing on the formulation revealed a ζ-potential of 6.4 ±1.51 mV with a spherical and smooth-surface microparticles in dispersion. The microparticles were also stable at 4 °C with minimal change in size after 14 days. In conclusion, these results show that entrapment of AP extract into chitosan-TPP microparticles were achievable at good characteristics and stability and could be further studied as a form for delivering therapeutic activities of AP at targeted site.

Potency of Origanum vulgare and Andrographis paniculata extracts on growth performance in poultry

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of phytobiotics combination of Origanum vulgare and Andrographis paniculata water extracts (FOA) mixed into the feed of broiler and specific-pathogen-free chickens as an alternative to Antibiotics Growth Promoter (AGP). Performance, intestinal bacteria characteristic, and oocysts of Eimeria spp. in feces were measured and compared with the AGP-added group. The first experiment in broiler chickens compared FOA, Zinc Bacitracin (ZB, as an AGP group), and negative control. On day 28, FOA group and ZB group showed significantly higher body weight than the control group (P < 0.05). The FCR of ZB group was better than FOA group. However, FOA group displayed better microbiota profile than ZB group and negative control, with more Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp., and less Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from intestines. The second experiment in specific-pathogen-free chickens showed the anticoccidial effect of FOA addition to reduce the number of oocysts per gram (OPG) from live coccidia vaccine. FOA group and Amprolium group showed OPG reduction (82.53% and 92.02%, respectively) after 7 days of treatment. In conclusion, the combination of Origanum vulgare and Andrographis paniculata extract can function as an AGP replacement in feed.

EVALUATION OF TOXICITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF Andrographis paniculata HERBAL MOUTHWASH AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS

Andrographis paniculata (AP) is an ancient herb known for its medicinal and therapeutic values. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of AP herbal mouthwash. Aqueous extract of AP was used to prepare the herbal mouthwash. The product was tested against selected oral pathogens namely Actinomyeces viscosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis for its antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. Toxicity analysis was carried out and subjected to cytotoxicity screening using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, in vivo study using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, and detection of heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Five AP herbal mouthwash concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/mL) were developed. AP herbal mouthwash exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against A. viscosus. AP herbal mouthwash (125 to 1000 mg/mL) showed inhibition against P. gingivalis, S. mutans and S. sobrinus, except for S. aureus which did not reflect any sign of antibacterial activity. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, AP herbal mouthwash has LC50 3255.064 µg/mL. In vitro cytotoxic evaluation was done on L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines using MTT assay with IC50 43.55 mg/mL denotes the mouthwash is non-toxic. Heavy metals content in AP herbal mouthwash falls within the permissible range of plumbum (2.50 ppm) followed by arsenic (1.875 ppm), mercury (0.15 ppm), and cadmium (0.06 ppm). Thus, verifying AP herbal mouthwash is effective in common oral pathogens and has a non-toxic effect.

Andrographis paniculata improves growth and non-specific immunity of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, and protects it from Vibrio alginolyticus by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis

Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a traditional medicinal plant with many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunity stimulation and so on. Several studies have reported that AP plays a strong role in promoting the immune system of aquatic animals to resist several pathogens. In the present study, we investigate the effects of a diet containing AP on the immune responses, growth, and the resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) in Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei). Four diets were formulated by adding AP at the dosage of 0% (Control), 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% in the basal diet, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to one group with three replicates of shrimps in a 28-day feeding trial. The results showed that dietary AP improved the growth performance and non-specific immune function of shrimps. To investigate the effect of AP on disease resistance of L. vannamei, shrimps fed with diet containing AP were challenged with V. alginolyticus. Compared with the control group, the shrimps fed diet containing AP showed significantly higher survival. Furthermore, the hepatopancreas injury in the shrimp fed with AP was less than control group at 6 h after V. alginolyticus infection. However, no difference was observed in the degree of hepatopancreas injury between AP groups and control group at 12 h and 24 h after V. alginolyticus infection. Based on this result, the samples at 6 h after V. alginolyticus infection was selected for subsequent detection. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in hemocytes and O2− production in hepatopancreas caused by V. alginolyticus infection was significantly reduced after feeding a diet containing 0.25% and 0.5% AP (p < 0.05). In addition, we found that feeding AP significantly up-regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, Caspase 3, p53) and down-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-2) in hepatopancreas after V. alginolyticus infection. In conclusion, AP promote the growth and immunity of L. vannamei, and protects shrimps against V. alginolyticus by regulating the oxidative damage and apoptosis. These results provide useful information regarding the effects of AP extracts as a shrimp feed additive for sustainable shrimp culture.

A comprehensive review on disposition kinetics and dosage of oral administration of Andrographis paniculata, an alternative herbal medicine, in co-treatment of coronavirus disease.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a present global health crisis that is driving the investigation of alternative phytomedicines for antiviral purposes. The evidence suggests that Andrographis paniculata crude or extract is a promising candidate for treating symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review aims to consolidate the available reports on the disposition kinetics of andrographolide, a main active component of A. paniculata. The second objective of this review is to summarize the available reports on an appropriate oral dosage for the use of andrographolide in upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and other viral infectious diseases. The data were collected from the literature on absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of andrographolide, and information was also obtained from scientific databases about the use of A. paniculata. The finding of this review on pharmacokinetics indicates that andrographolide is slightly absorbed into the blood circulation and exhibits poor oral bioavailability, whereas its distribution process is unrestricted. In the termination phase, andrographolide preferentially undergoes biotransformation partly through phase I hydroxylation and phase II conjugation, and it is then eliminated via the renal excretion and hepatobiliary system. The key summary of the recommended dosage for andrographolide in uncomplicated URTI treatment is 30 mg/day for children and 60 mg/day for adults. The dose for adult patients with pharyngotonsillitis could be increased to 180 mg/day, but not exceed 360 mg/day. Co-treatment with A. paniculata in concert with the standard supportive care for influenza reduced the severity of symptoms, shortened treatment duration, and decreased the risk of developing post-influenza complications. The recommended starting dose for use in patients with mild COVID-19 is 180 mg/day of andrographolide, based on the dose used in patients experiencing a URTI with inflammation. This review is not only applicable for evaluating the appropriate doses of andrographolide for antiviral treatments but also encourages future research evaluating the effectiveness of these recommended dosages during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bioassay-Guided extraction of andrographis paniculata for intervention of in-vitro prostate cancer progression in metabolic syndrome environment.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Thus, this life-threatening disease demands a proactive treatment strategy. Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a promising candidate with various medicinal properties. However, the bioactivity of AP is influenced by its processing conditions especially the extraction solvent. In the present study, bioassay-guided screening technique was employed to identify the best AP extract in the management of MetS, PCa, and MetS-PCa co-disease in vitro. Five AP extracts by different solvent systems; APE1 (aqueous), APE2 (absolute methanol), APE3 (absolute ethanol), APE4 (40% methanol), and APE5 (60% ethanol) were screened through their phytochemical profile, in-vitro anti-cancer, anti-obese, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. The best extract was further tested for its potential in MetS-induced PCa progression. APE2 contained the highest andrographolide (1.34 ± 0.05mg/mL) and total phenolic content (8.85 ± 0.63 GAE/gDW). However, APE3 has the highest flavonoid content (11.52 ± 0.80 RE/gDW). APE2 was also a good scavenger of DPPH radicals (EC50 = 397.0µg/mL). In cell-based assays, among all extracts, APE2 exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity (IC50 = 57.5 ± 11.8µg/mL) on DU145 cancer cell line as well as on its migration activity. In in-vitro anti-obese study, all extracts significantly reduced lipid formation in 3T3-L1 cells. The highest insulin-sensitizing and -mimicking actions were exerted by both APE2 and APE3. Taken together, APE2 showed collectively good activity in the inhibition of PCa progression and MetS manifestation in vitro, compared to other extracts. Therefore, APE2 was further investigated for its potential to intervene DU145 progression induced with leptin (10-100ng/mL) and adipocyte conditioned media (CM) (10% v/v). Interestingly, APE2 significantly diminished the progression of the cancer cell that has been pre-treated with leptin and CM through cell cycle arrest at S phase and induction of cell death. In conclusion, AP extracts rich with andrographolide has the potential to be used as an alternative to ameliorate PCa progression induced by factors highly expressed in MetS.